Throughout the 20th century, it was widely accepted that a light microscope relying on propagating light waves and conventional optical lenses could not discern details that were much finer than about half the wavelength of light, or 200-400 nm, due to diffraction.
Stefan Hell and his team have shattered what was regarded an absolute limit of microscopic resolution. For his development of STED (STimulated Emission Depletion) microscopy, the first light-focusing microscope with a resolution at the nanoscale, Stefan Hell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014.
Recently, a fresh look at the basic physical principles underlying nanoscopy has spawned powerful new concepts. In particular, MINFLUX imaging (nanoscopy with MINimal photon FLUXes) has been pioneered in the Hell Labs, obtaining the ultimate (super)resolution: the size of a molecule (~1 nm). At present, MINFLUX and related concepts are explored to create unprecedented measurement capabilities for the life sciences and beyond.
Stefan Hell is a director at both the Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences in Göttingen and the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany.
He is credited with having conceived, validated and applied the first viable concept for overcoming Abbe’s diffraction-limited resolution barrier in a light-focusing fluorescence microscope. For this accomplishment he has received numerous awards, including the 2014 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Stefan Hell received his doctorate (1990) in physics from the University of Heidelberg. From 1991 to 1993 he worked at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, followed by stays as a senior researcher at the University of Turku, Finland, between 1993 and 1996, and as a visiting scientist at the University of Oxford, England, in 1994. In 1997 he was appointed to the MPI for Biophysical Chemistry (named Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences since 2022) in Göttingen as a group leader, and was promoted to director in 2002. From 2003 to 2017 he also led a research group at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). Hell holds honorary professorships in physics at the Universities of Heidelberg and Göttingen.
Stefan Hell’s Autobiography at nobelprize.org | Stefan Hell’s Nobel Lecture (Video)
Engelhardt, J. , B. Ellerhoff, C-M. Gürth, S. J. Sahl, S. W. Hell (2022): "Designing chromatic optical retarder stacks for segmented next-generation easySTED phase plates". J. Microsc. , in early view. view
Savicheva, E. A. , M. L. Bossi, V. N. Belov, S. W. Hell (2022): "Introduction of the Functional Amino Group at the meso Position of Cy3 and Cy5 Dyes: Synthesis, Stability, Spectra and Photolysis of 4-Amino-1-diazo-2-butanone Derivates**". ChemPhotoChem , in early view. view
Weber, M. , H. von der Emde, M. Leutenegger, P. Gunkel, S. Sambandan, T. A. Khan, J. Keller-Findeisen, V. C. Cordes, S. W. Hell (2022): "MINSTED nanoscopy enters the Ångström localization range". Nature Biotechnol. , view
Uno, K. , D. Kim, J. Bucevicius, M. L. Bossi, V. N. Belov, S. W. Hell (2022): "Synthesis, structure–property relationships and absorbance modulation of highly asymmetric photochromes with variable oxidation and substitution patterns†". Org. Chem. Front. 9, 6295-6304 view
Ostersehlt, L. M. , D.C.Jans, An. Wittek, J. Keller-Findeisen, K. Inamdar, S. Sahl, S.W. Hell, S. Jakobs (2022): "DNA-PAINT MINFLUX nanoscopy". Nature Meth. , view
Wolff, J. O. , L. Scheiderer, T. Engelhardt, J. Engelhardt, J. Matthias, S. W. Hell (2022): "MINFLUX dissects the unimpeded walking of kinesin-1". BioRxiv , view
Kim, D. , A. Aktalay, N. Jensen, K. Uno, M. L. Bossi, V. N. Belov, S. W. Hell (2022): "Supramolecular Complex of Photochromic Diarylethene and Cucurbit[7]uril: Fluorescent Photoswitching System for Biolabeling and Imaging". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 14235-14247 view
Heynck, L. , J. Matthias, M. L. Bossi, A. N. Butkevich, S. W. Hell (2022): "N-Cyanorhodamines: cell-permeant, photostable and bathochromically shifted analogues of fluoresceins". Chem. Sci. 13, 8287-8306 view
Aktalay, A. , F. Ponsot, M. L. Bossi, V. N. Belov, S. W.Hell (2022): "Cleavable Linker Incorporation into a Synthetic Dye-Nanobody-Fluorescent Protein Assembly: FRET, FLIM and STED Microscopy". ChemBioChem , view
Mihaila, T. S. , C. Bäte, L. M. Ostersehlt, J. K. Pape, J. Keller-Findeisen, S. J. Sahl, S. W. Hell (2022): "Enhanced incorporation of subnanometer tags into cellular proteins for fluorescence nanoscopy via optimized genetic code expansion". PNAS 119, view
Lincoln, R. , M. L. Bossi, M. Remmel, E. D'Este, A. N. Butkevich, S. W. Hell (2022): "A general design of caging-group-free photoactivatable fluorophores for live-cell nanoscopy". Nature Chem. 14, 1013-1020 view first published in BioRxiv
Bates, M. , J Keller-Findeisen, A Przybylski, A Hüper, T Stephan, P Ilgen, A R Cereceda Delgado, E D’Este, S Jakobs, S J Sahl, S W Hell (2022): "Optimal Precision and Accuracy in 4Pi-STORM using Dynamic Spline PSF Models". Nature Meth. 19, 603-612 view first published in BioRxiv
Weber, M. , H. von der Emde, M. Leutenegger, P. Gunkel, V. C. Cordes, S. Sambandan, T. A. Khan, J. Keller-Findeisen, S. W. Hell (2022): "MINSTED nanoscopy enters the Ångström localization range". BioRxiv , view first published in BioRxiv
Upmanyu, N. , J. Jin, H. von der Emde, M. Ganzella, L. Bösche, V. N. Malviya, E. Zhuleku, A. Z. Politi, M. Ninov, I. Silbern, M. Leutenegger, H.Urlaub, D. Riedel, J. Preobraschenski, I. Milosevic, S. W. Hell, R. Jahn, S. Sambandan (2022): "Colocalization of different neurotransmitter transporters on synaptic vesicles is sparse except for VGLUT1 and ZnT3". Neuron 110, 1-15 view
Shojaei, H. , M. L. Bossi, V. N. Belov, S. W. Hell (2022): "Bis-Rhodamines Bridged with a Diazoketone Linker: Synthesis, Structure, and Photolysis". J. Org. Chem. , 56-65 view
Butkevich, A. N. , Weber, M., Cereceda Delgado, A. R., Ostersehlt, L. M., D'Este, E., Hell, S. W. (2021): "Photoactivatable Fluorescent Dyes with Hydrophilic Caging Groups and Their Use in Multicolor Nanoscopy". Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS) 143, 18388 - 18393 view
Guan, M. , M. V. Garabedian, M. Leutenegger, B. S. Schuster, M. C. Good, D. A. Hammer (2021): "Incorporation and Assembly of a Light-Emitting Enzymatic Reaction into Model Protein Condensates". Biochemistry , 3137-3151 view
Lincoln, R. , Bossi, M. L., Remmel, M., D'Este, E., Butkevich, A. N., Hell, S. W. (2021): "A general design of caging-group free photoactivatable fluorophores for live-cell nanoscopy". BioRxiv , view
Lohner, P. , M. Zmyslia, J. Thurn, J. K. Pape, R. Gerasimaite, J. Keller-Findeisen, S. Groeer, B. Deuringer, R. Süss, A. Walther, S. W. Hell, G. Lukinavicius, T. Hugel, C. Jessen-Trefzer (2021): "Inside a Shell – Organometallic Catalysis Inside Encapsulin Nanoreactors". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 23835 - 23841 view
Konen, T. , D. Stumpf, T. Grotjohann, I. Jansen, M. Bossi, M. Weber, N. Jensen, S. W. Hell, S. Jakobs (2021): "The Positive Switching Fluorescent Protein Padron2 Enables Live-Cell Reversible Saturable Optical Linear Fluorescence Transitions (RESOLFT) Nanoscopy without Sequential Illumination Steps". ACS Nano , 9509-9521 view
Gerasimaite, R. , Bucevicius, J., Kiszka, K. A., Schnorrenberg, S., Kostiuk, G., Koenen, T., Lukinavicius, G. (2021): "Blinking Fluorescent Probes for Tubulin Nanoscopy in Living and Fixed Cells". ACS Chem. Biol. 16, 2130 - 2136 view
Savicheva, E. A. , J. Seikowski, J. I. Kast, C. R. Grünig, V. N. Belov, S. W. Hell (2021): "Fluorescence Assisted Capillary Electrophoresis of Glycans Enabled by the Negatively Charged Auxochromes in 1‐Aminopyrenes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 3720-3726 view
Uno, K. , A. Aktalay, M. L. Bossi, M. Irie, V. N. Belov, S. W. Hell (2021): "Turn-on mode diarylethenes for bioconjugation and fluorescence microscopy of cellular structures". PNAS 118, view
Weber, M. , M. Leutenegger, S. Stoldt, S. Jakobs, T. S. Mihaila, A. N. Butkevich, S. W. Hell (2021): "MINSTED fluorescence localization and nanoscopy". Nature Photonics 15, 361-366 Additionally published in bioRxiv view
Schmidt, R. , T. Weihs, C. A. Wurm, I. Jansen, J. Rehman, S. J. Sahl, S. W. Hell (2021): "MINFLUX nanometer-scale 3D imaging and microsecond-range tracking on a common fluorescence microscope". Nature Commun. , view
Quentin, C. , R. Gerasimaite, A. Freidzon, L. S. Atabekyan, G. Lukinavicius, V. N. Belov, G. Mitronova (2021): "Direct Visualization of Amlodipine Intervention into Living Cells by Means of Fluorescence Microscopy". molecules , view
Weber, M. , M. Leutenegger, S. Stoldt, S. Jakobs, T. S. Mihaila, A. N. Butkevich, S. W. Hell (2021): "MINSTED fluorescence localization and nanoscopy". Nature Photonics 15, 361-366 Additionally published in bioRxiv view
Gwosch, K. C. , J. K. Pape, F. Balzarotti, P. Hoess, J. Ellenberg, J. Ries, S. W. Hell (2020): "MINFLUX nanoscopy delivers 3D multicolor nanometer resolution in cells". Nature Meth. 17, 217-224 view
Eilers, Y. , H. Ta, K. C. Gwosch, F. Balzarotti, S. W. Hell (2018): "MINFLUX monitors rapid molecular jumps with superior spatiotemporal resolution". PNAS 115, 6117-6122 view
Balzarotti, F. , Y. Eilers, K. C. Gwosch, A. H. Gynna, V. Westphal, F. D. Stefani, J. Elf, S. W. Hell (2017): "Nanometer resolution imaging and tracking of fluorescent molecules with minimal photon fluxes". Science 355, 606-612 view
Berning, S. , K. I. Willig, H. Steffens, P. Dibaj, S. W. Hell (2012): "Nanoscopy in a Living Mouse Brain". Science 335, 551 view
Grotjohann, T. , I. Testa, M. Leutenegger, H. Bock, N. T. Urban, F. Lavoie-Cardinal, K. I. Willig, C. Eggeling, S. Jakobs, S. W. Hell (2011): "Diffraction-unlimited all-optical imaging and writing with a photochromic GFP". Nature 478, 204 - 208 view
Hell, S. W. (2007): "Far-Field Optical Nanoscopy". Science 316, 1153-1158 view
Willig, K. I. , S. O. Rizzoli, V. Westphal, R. Jahn, S. W. Hell (2006): "STED-microscopy reveals that synaptotagmin remains clustered after synaptic vesicle exocytosis". Nature 440, 935-939 view
Westphal, V. , S. W. Hell (2005): "Nanoscale Resolution in the Focal Plane of an Optical Microscope". Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 143903 (4 pp.) view
Klar, T. A. , S. Jakobs, M. Dyba, A. Egner, S. W. Hell (2000): "Fluorescence microscopy with diffraction resolution limit broken by stimulated emission". PNAS 97, 8206-8210 Abstract view
Hell, S. W. , J. Wichmann (1994): "Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy". Opt. Lett. 19, 780-782 view